Shahid Beheshti University The Mirror of Knowledge 2251-8010 24 3 2024 09 22 Criticism of The Foundations of Tolerance in Classical Liberalism from The Perspective of Science and Religion (Islam) Criticism of The Foundations of Tolerance in Classical Liberalism from The Perspective of Science and Religion (Islam) 23 44 104789 10.48308/jipt.2024.235354.1517 FA Sayyed Mohammadreza Marandi Department of Political Jurisprudence, Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Fatemeh Vojdani Department of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2024 05 05 The Church during the Middle Ages believed that using force to guide people was desirable. However, following the Renaissance, thinkers like John Locke introduced the theory of "tolerance" to challenge this approach and advocate for religious freedom. This theory, in Western and liberal thought, is based on principles such as the originality of freedom, individualism, relativism, and behavioral rationality. Some even argue that it is compatible with religious teachings, and consider to protest it as a sign of intellectual and religious rigidity. In this article, an effort has been made to critique the theoretical foundations of tolerance in classical liberalism using both scientific and religious arguments. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection method is library-based. According to the findings, this theory, as presented in classical liberalism and Western thought, has been unsuccessful both in theory and practice, and requires revision and modification. The Church during the Middle Ages believed that using force to guide people was desirable. However, following the Renaissance, thinkers like John Locke introduced the theory of "tolerance" to challenge this approach and advocate for religious freedom. This theory, in Western and liberal thought, is based on principles such as the originality of freedom, individualism, relativism, and behavioral rationality. Some even argue that it is compatible with religious teachings, and consider to protest it as a sign of intellectual and religious rigidity. In this article, an effort has been made to critique the theoretical foundations of tolerance in classical liberalism using both scientific and religious arguments. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data collection method is library-based. According to the findings, this theory, as presented in classical liberalism and Western thought, has been unsuccessful both in theory and practice, and requires revision and modification. https://jipt.sbu.ac.ir/article_104789_516769df0555047640ae31088a31ebf9.pdf