This study, centered on the views of Muḥammad ʿAlī Sanqarī Ḥāʾirī and Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn Asadābādī concerning Darwin’s theory, demonstrates that both thinkers regard Darwinism not merely as a biological hypothesis but as a multidimensional phenomenon bearing theological and civilizational implications. Sanqarī Ḥāʾirī interprets Darwin’s theory within the framework of the school of materialism and dahriyya (atheistic naturalism), considering it inherently incompatible with tawḥīd (monotheism) and self-evident reason. Drawing on rational-philosophical, anthropological, and methodological critiques, he rejects Darwinism from its very foundations. In contrast, Asadābādī distinguishes between Darwin the biologist and Darwinism as a materialist worldview: while acknowledging natural observations of change and variation, he opposes the philosophical and ideological extrapolations of the theory. He focuses his critique on the civilizational and moral consequences of Darwinism, warning against the reduction of the human being and morality to the principle of the “struggle for existence.” As a result, Sanqarī Ḥāʾirī exemplifies a philosophical-theological and conservative mode of engagement with Darwinism, whereas Asadābādī adopts a reformist and civilizational approach that stresses the preservation of scientific rationality within the framework of faith. Although both thinkers agree in rejecting materialist Darwinism orary thought.