Developing a conceptual levels and stages of moral development with emphasis on the ideas of Aristotle

Document Type : Scientific-research

Authors

Member of the board of Shahid Beheshti University

Abstract

The meaning of virtue is explicitly discussed in Aristotle’s Virtue Ethics, but virtue development and the stages involved are not adequately dealt with. Therefore, this paper aims to identify the stages of virtue development and characteristics of each stage from the perspective of Aristotle by using deductive qualitative content analysis method. To do this initial framework or the stages of the virtue development was extracted. In the next step, by analyzing the text of the book of Nicomachean ethics, the characteristics of each stage were extracted. The results indicate that in general, the stages of moral development are: The moral massive, moral incontinence, moral continence, and virtuosity. The findings show that at the stage of moral massive People are not necessarily evil, but moral issues do not matter to them and they are indifferent to moral issues.in the moral incontinence people do not have a complete moral knowledge, and this incomplete knowledge does not end in moral action. In the moral continence People have high moral knowledge and this knowledge comes to an end to moral action, but moral pleasure does not occur completely. Ultimately, people in the final stage end up their moral knowledge to moral action and acquire enough pleasure from their moral practice.

Keywords


  1. منابع
  2. ابوطالبی، حمید. (1392). انسان شناسی اخلاق. تهران، انتشارات کویر.
  3. امیدی، مهدی(1390). تبیین اخلاق فضیلت در فلسفه سیاسی کلاسیک. معرفت سیاسی، 3(2): 7-26.
  4. ارسطو.(1378). اخلاق نیکوماخوس. ترجمه محمدحسن لطفی. تهران، انتشارات طرح نو.
  5. ارسطو.(1389). اخلاق نیکوماخوس. ترجمه محمدحسن لطفی. تهران، انتشارات طرح نو.
  6. ارسطو.(1391). اخلاق نیکوماخس. جلد اول و دوم. ترجمه سید ابوالقاسم پورحسینی. تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
  7. ایمان، محمدتقی و نوشادی، محمودرضا(1390). تحلیل محتوای کیفی. پژوهش، 2(4): 15-44.
  8. آذرگین، آروین و توکلی، غلامحسین.(1394). امکان پذیری اکراسیا از منظر سقراط و ارسطو. فصل نامه پژوهش های فلسفی، 9(15): 2-22.
  9. خزایی، زهرا (1389). اخلاق فضیلت. تهران، انتشارات حکمت
  10. کرات، ریچارد(1394). اخلاق ارسطو. ترجمه مریم خدادای. تهران، ققنوس.
  11. حسین زاده یزدی، محمد، لگنهاوزن، محمد، شکری، مهدی.(1394). تبیین و نقد چیستی فضیلت از منظر لیندا زاگزبسکی. فصل نامه اندیشه دینی، 15(1)، صص: 1-28.
  12. Annas, J.(1993). The Morality of Happiness. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  13. Barnes, J. (1982). Aristotle. New York: Oxford University Press.
  14. Baumeister, R. F. Thierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the greatest human strength. New York: Penguin. Cambridge University Press.
  15. Carr, D. Arthur. G. Kristjansson. K. (2017). Varieties of Virtue Ethics. Macmillan Publishers, London.
  16. Crisp, R. (2000). Nicomachean ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  17. Curzer, H. (2012). Aristotle and the virtues. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  18. Denise, T. C., White, N. P., & Peterfreund, S. P. (2005). Great traditions in ethics (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth.
  19. Erginel. M .M.(2016). Akrasia and conflict in the Nicomachean Ethics. British Journal for the History of Philosophy, Volume 24, 2016 - Issue 4: 573-593.
  20. Garrett.D.J.(1933). Moral Status of "the Many" in Aristotle. Journal of the History of Philosophy. 31(8), 171-189. Available at: https://sci-hub.cc/10.1353/hph.1993.0045.
  21. Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1981). Effective evaluation: Improving the usefulness of evaluation results through responsive and naturalistic approaches. Jossey-Bass.
  22. Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288.
  23. Hughes, G. J. (2001). Routledge philosophy guidebook to Aristotle on ethics.
  24. Irwin, T. (1999). Nicomachean ethics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
  25. Kaid, L. L., & Wadsworth, A. J. (1989). Content analysis. Measurement of communication behavior, 197-217.
  26. Kraut, R. (2010). Aristotle’s Ethics .Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  27. .
  28. Kristjansson K. (2007). Aristotle, Emotions and Education. Burlington, Ashgate Publishing Company.
  29. Kristjansson K. (2013). Virtues and Vices in Positive Psychology: A Philosophical Critique. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  30. Kristjansson, K. (2015). Aristotelian Character Education. London: Routledge.
  31. London: Routledge.
  32. McIntyre, A. (2007) After Virtue: A study in moral theory. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press.
  33. Pakaluk, M. (2005). Aristotle’s Nicomachean ethics: An introduction. Cambridge:
  34. Potter, W. J., & Levine‐Donnerstein, D. (1999). Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis.
  35. Sanders. W(2014). Aristotelian Model of Moral Development. Journal of Philosophy of Education,21(39): 0-22.
  36. Sherman, N. (1989). The Fabric of Character: Aristotle’s Theory of Virtue. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
  37. Snow. N.(2015). Cultivating Virtue, Perspectives from Philosophy, Teology and Psychology. New York, Oxford University Press.
  38. Stohr, K. (2002). Moral Cacophony: When Continence is a Virtue. Journal of Ethics. 7.4, 339–363. https://sci-hub.cc/10.1023/A:1026111711649