مقایسه زیبایی طبیعی و زیبایی هنری در فلسفه آکویناس

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه پژوهش هنر، دانشکده هنر، موسسه آموزش عالی فردوس، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

هدف اصلی در این پژوهش، تبیین نسبت زیبایی هنری و زیبایی طبیعی از منظر آکویناس است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع بنیادی و ماهیت آن، تبیینی – تحلیلی است. گردآوری اطلاعات، با روش کتابخانه‌ای و تحلیل کیفی است. این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که در هر دو نوع، با زیبایی محسوس روبه‌رو هستیم. هر دو زیبایی، ناقص و بازتابی از زیبایی کامل الهی هستند. زیبایی طبیعی، بدون دخالت انسان و زیبایی هنری، با دخالت انسان است. احساس زیباشناختی صرف و مختلف در هر دو نوع زیبایی وجود دارد. خدا دلیل زیبایی طبیعی است. زیبایی هنری خلق صورت نیست، بلکه بازنمایی یا تغییر صورت است. زیبایی طبیعی برتر از زیبایی هنری است؛ چراکه اصل به عنوان معیار زیبایی، طبیعت است و زیبایی هنری به نوعی برگرفته از زیبایی طبیعی است. معیارهای زیبایی‌ساز (هماهنگی، تناسب، وضوح و کمال) در دو نوع زیبایی طبیعی و هنری جاری هستند. دیدگاه آکویناس در باره زیبایی طبیعی، توصیفی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of Natural Beauty and Artistic Beauty in the Philosophy of Aquinas

نویسندگان [English]

  • نرگس rezaeian
  • Javad Amin Khandaqi
Department of Art Research, Faculty of Art, Ferdows Higher Education Institute, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

The main goal of this research is to explain the relationship between artistic and natural beauty from Aquinas' point of view. This study is fundamental type and its nature is explanatory-analytical. Information is collected using the library method and qualitative analysis. This research shows that in both types, we are facing tangible beauty. Both beauties are imperfect and a reflection of the perfect beauty of God. Natural beauty is without human intervention and artistic beauty is without human intervention. God is the cause of natural beauty. Artistic beauty is not the creation of the face, but the representation or transformation of the face. Natural beauty is superior to artistic beauty; because the principle as a measure of beauty is nature, and artistic beauty is somehow derived from natural beauty. Beauty criteria (harmony, proportion, clarity, and perfection) are current in natural and artistic beauty. Aquinas' view of natural beauty is descriptive.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • aesthetics
  • artistic beauty
  • natural beauty
  • Thomas Aquinas
Aertsen, Jan A. (1996). Medieval Philosophy and the Transcendentals; the Case of Aquinas. Leiden: Brill.
Aertsen, Jan A. (2010). The Beautiful: B. The Middle Ages. The Historical Dictionary of Philosophy; Vol.1 (J. Ritter et al. eds. & S. M. Beheshti trans.). Tehran: Iranian Research Institute of Philosophy; Novum Organum, 9-14.  (In Persian)
Ainechi, Reyhaneh; Amin Khandaqi, Javad. (2023). Comparison of the Concept of Perfection in the Definition of Beauty from the Perspective of Avicenna and Aquinas. Philosophical Thought. 3(1), 33-45. doi: 10.58209/jpt.3.1.33  (In Persian)
Amin Khandaqi, Javad. (2020). A Comparison of Beauty Definition in Farabi and Aquinas's Views; with Emphasis on Perfection Concept. Art and Media Studies. 1(2), 29-52.  (In Persian)
Aquinas, Thomas. (2006). Summa Theologiae (E. D’Arcy trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Aquinas, Thomas. (2007). Expositio Super Dionysium De Divinis Nominibus. Figures of Speech, or, Figures of Thought (A. K. Coomaraswamy trans.). Bloomington: World Wisdom.
Bayat, Mohammadreza; Taheri, Alireza. (2020). Assessment of Experience of Beauty or Platonic Love as the Numinous Experience. The Mirror of Knowledge. 20(2), 77-100. doi: 10.52547/jipt.2020.97407  (In Persian)
Burke, Donald. (2009). On the Dialectic of Natural Beauty and Artistic Beauty. SSRN. 1460191, 1-12. doi: dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.146019.
Carlson, Allen. (2013). Environmental Aesthetics. The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, 3rd ed (B. Gaut & D. McIver Lopes eds.). London: Routledge, 485-498.
Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1938). Mediaeval Aesthetic: II. St. Thomas Aquinas on Dionysius, and a Note on the Relation of Beauty to Truth. The Art Bulletin. 20(1), 66-77.
Copleston, Frederick. (1993). A History of Philosophy, Vol. 2: Medieval Philosophy - From Augustine to Duns Scotus. New York: Image Books.
Davies OP, Brian. (1998). Thomas Aquinas. Routledge History of Philosophy: Vol.3 (G. H. R. Parkinson & S. G. Shanker eds.). London: Routledge, 241-268.
De Haan, Daniel D. (2020). Beauty and Aesthetic Perception in Thomas Aquinas. Beauty and the Good: Recovering the Classical Tradition from Plato to Duns Scotus (A. M. Ramos ed.). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 288-318.
Eco, Umberto. (1988). The Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas (H. Bredin trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Fathi, Hasan; Shajari, Morteza; Gozali, Zahra. (2019). Beauty and Its Relation to Form in Thomas Aquinas’s Philosophy. Philosophy. 17(1), 1-20. doi: 10.22059/jop.2019.74454  (In Persian)
Haldane, John. (2013). Medieval aesthetics. The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, 3rd ed (B. Gaut & D. McIver Lopes eds.). London: Routledge, 25-35.
Hilpinen, Risto. (2022). Artifact. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (5): Aesthetics (B. Shamsini trans.). Tehran: Qoqnoos, 123-153.
Janaway, Christopher. (2013). Plato. The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, 3rd ed (B. Gaut & D. McIver Lopes eds.). London: Routledge, 3-12.
Kant, Immanuel. (2000). The Critique of Judgment (J. H. Bernard trans.). New York: Prometheus.
Kovach, Francis J. (1971). The Empirical Foundations of Thomas Aquinas’ Philosophy of Beauty. The Southwestern Journal of Philosophy, 2(3), 93-102.
Martin, Jacques. (1962). Art and Scholasticism with Other Essays (J. W. Evan trans.). New York: Scribner.
Maurer, Armand Augustine. (2013). About Beauty: A Thomistic Interpretation (H. Rabiei trans.). Tehran: Hekmat.  (In Persian)
Moradi, Ali; Salem, Mrayam. (2020). Faith and Forgiveness: Luther᾽ modern interpretation. The Mirror of Knowledge. 20(3), 87-108. doi: 10.52547/jipt.2020.97442  (In Persian)
Pappas, Nickolas. (2013). Aristotle. The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, 3rd ed (B. Gaut & D. McIver Lopes eds.). London: Routledge, 13-24.
Perl, Eric D. (2020). ‘All Men by Nature Desire to Know’: The Classical Background of Aquinas on Beauty and Truth. Beauty and the Good: Recovering the Classical Tradition from Plato to Duns Scotus (A. M. Ramos ed.). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 49-71.
Rabiei, Hadi. (2010). The Scope of the Concept of Beauty in the Bible and Its Impact on Aquinas's Aesthetics. Analytic Philosophy. 7(18), 7-40.  (In Persian)
Rabiei, Hadi; Pazouki, Shahram. (2013). Tomas Aquinas's Concept of Beauty. Religious Thought. 11(40), 69-92. doi: 10.22099/jrt.2013.1185  (In Persian)
Ragusa, Hannah Woldum. (2017). Beholding the Beauty of Being: Artistic Creativity in the Thomistic Tradition. Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture. 20(2), 105-131.
Ramos, Alice M. (2012). Moral Beauty and Affective Knowledge in Aquinas. Dynamic Transcendentals: Truth, Goodness, and Beauty from a Thomistic Perspective. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America, 181-204.
Rezaeian, Narjes. (2023). A Comparison of Rational Beauty and Natural Beauty from Aquinas’ Perspective. Interdisciplinary Studies of Arts and Humanities. 2(7), 35-51.  (In Persian)
Ryan, Denis. (2004). Tomas Aquinas in Human Nature, Faculty of Philosophy. Galway: National University of Ireland.
Sammon, Brendan Thomas. (2013). Beauty as a Divine Name in Thomas Aquinas: Beyond the Commentary on the Divine Names. The God Who Is Beauty: Beauty as a Divine Name in Thomas Aquinas and Dionysius the Areopagite. Cambridge: The Lutterworth, 327-355.
Sevier, Christopher Scott. (2012). Thomas Aquinas on the Nature and Experience of Beauty. Berkeley: University of California.
Shajari, Morteza; Fathi, Hasan; Gozali, Zahra. (2019). Beauty and Its Relation to Goodness in Thomas Aquinas’s Philosophical System.  Philosophical Investigations. 13(27), 117-138. doi: 10.22034/jpiut.2019.34040.2343  (In Persian)
Shakibadel, Mohamad. (2016). Artistic Beauty and Nature Representation (According to Thomas Aquinas’s Aesthetics Theory). Existence and Knowledge. 3(1), 79-96. doi: 10.22096/ek.2016.29680  (In Persian)
Steinberg, Charles Side. (1941). The Aesthetics of St. Thomas Aquinas. The Philosophical Review. 50(5), 483-497.
Tatarkiewicz, Wladyslaw. (1980). A History of Six Ideas: An Essay in Aesthetics. Warszawa: Polish Scientific Publishers.
Tatarkiewicz, Wladyslaw. (2008). History of Aesthetics: Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas (M. Nabaei trans.). Zibashenakht. 10(19), 49-64.  (In Persian)
Tatarkiewicz, Wladyslaw. (2015). History of Aesthetics, Vol.2: Medieval Aesthetics (C. Barrett ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.