علم پیشین خداوند و اختیار آدمی (با تأکید بر دیدگاه مکتب اهل بیت(علیهم‌السلام) و نقد دیدگاه‌های رقیب)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه معارف دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران (نویسندة مسئول)

2 استادیار گروه معارف، رشتة دینان پژوهی(ادیان و عرفان)دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

چکیده

تبیین چگونگی علم پیشین خداوند و حدود فاعلیت آدمی در کنار یکدیگر، دغدغه‌ای دیرینه است که ادیان آسمانی بدان روی کرده‌اند. آن‌گونه که میان فاعلیت آزاد آدمی که لازمۀ نظام ثواب و عقاب است با نظام علم، تقدیر و حاکمیت ارادۀ خداوند، پیوندی منطقی را به گفت آورد. از دیگر سوی، تلاش برخی رهبران مذاهب اسلامی برای پردازش مسئلۀ فاعلیت آدمی، پیامدی جز دو نظریۀ جبر یا نفویض نداشته است. که یا ارادۀ آزاد آدمی را کنار می‌نهد یا قدرت خداوند را محدود می‌سازد. که در این میان، دیدگاه اهل بیت تبیینی دگرسان از فاعلیت و اختیار آدمی به دست می‌دهد. این مقاله با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی به بازخوانی اندیشۀ اهل بیت به‌همراه نقد دیدگاه‌های رقیب پرداخته است، بدین شیوه که در آغاز، ویژگی‌های علم خداوند همچون اطلاق، تعلق به جزئیات و خطاپذیری را آورده و سپـس مـفهوم اخـتیار در اسـلام و نـیز نقد ادلة جبریان و طرفداران اختیار پرداخته است. و در پـایان، بـا حفـظ مـعنای علـم خـداوند بـر سـازگـاری آن با اختیار آدمی تـلاش نموده و نگاه اهل‌ بیت را که اندیشه‌ای میانی است آشکار ساخته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freewill (with an Emphasis on the Viewpoint of the School of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) and Criticism of Rival Viewpoints)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Habib Hatami kankabod 1
  • Ardashir monazami 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Education, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran (corresponding author)
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Department of Religious Studies (Religions and Mysticism), Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Explaining the relation between divine foreknowledge and the limits of human agency is a long-standing issue which the revealed religions have dealt with it. In dealing with this issue, they have hold in a logical relation between human free agency, which requires the order of reward and punishment, and the order of divine knowledge, predestination, and sovereignty. On the other hand, the efforts of some leaders of the Islamic denominations in dealing with the issue of human agency have resulted in two viewpoints: determinism and indeterminism. The first viewpoint denies the human freewill, and the second viewpoint limits the power of God. But there is another viewpoint which presents a different explanation of human free agency, called “the viewpoint of the School of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)”. This paper, taking a descriptive-analytical approach, rereads the thought of Ahl al-Bayt and criticizes the rival viewpoints. This rereading and criticizing has been done in three steps: at first, the features of God’s knowledge such as absoluteness, belonging to particular things, and infallibility have been taken into account; then, the concept of freewill in Islam has been discussed, and the arguments of the proponents of determinism as well as the proponents of indeterminism have been criticized; and, finally, by maintaining the meaning of divine foreknowledge, God’s knowledge has been known as compatible with human freewill, and the viewpoint of the School of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), which is a viewpoint between determinism and indeterminism, has been exposed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Divine foreknowledge
  • freewill
  • determinism
  • indeterminism
  • The School of Ahl al-Bayt

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